Table 1 Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test comparing lessons that include mathematics and lessons that do not include mathematics

1: Relating content to students’ lives

0.46

0.59

0

0

−0.13

.003

2: Contextualizing student learning

1.90

1.87

2

2

0.03

.398

3: Developing multiple solutions

0.91

0.79

1

0

0.12

.006

4: Cognitive engagement in STEM

2.22

1.83

2

2

0.39

<.001

5: Integrating STEM content

1.31

0.83

1

1

0.48

<.001

6: Student agency

1.32

1.09

1

1

0.23

<.001

7: Student collaboration

1.82

1.65

1

1

0.17

<.001

8: Evidence-based reasoning

1.01

0.80

1

0

0.21

<.001

9: Technology practices in STEM

0.49

0.13

0

0

0.36

<.001

10: STEM career awareness

0.41

0.54

0

0

−0.13

.006