Professional development programs to improve science teachers’ skills in the facilitation of argumentation in science classroom—a systematic review

Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research

Table 8 PDP characteristics of included studies^a

PD characteristic	Description	N (%)
General characteristics	Participants – N	1 – 120
	Participants – career point
	- In-service	42 (65.6%)
	- Pre-service	22 (34.4%)
	Participants – school form
	- primary	21 (32.8%)
	- secondary	26 (40.6%)
	- both	5 (7.8%)
	- unclear / not reported	12 (18.8%)
Duration	- Extent	30–60 min – 4 years, single to multiple meetings
	- Contact hours	24 (37.5%)
	> 30 h	9 (37.5%)^b
Active Learning	Practical experience—Inclusion of students
	- Yes	44 (68.8%)
	- No	20 (31.3%)

^aPercentages may not total 100% due to rounding
^bPercentage based on a subsample of N = 24 studies where contact hours were reported / calculable; for the full sample (N = 64) it would be 14.1%