Professional development programs to improve science teachers’ skills in the facilitation of argumentation in science classroom—a systematic review

Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research

Table 9 Reported change of teacher competence based on PD and direction of change. (Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. Values of Direction of change may add up to more than 64 because some studies fit multiple categories)

Characteristic	Description	N (%)
Result	Change in teacher competence?
	- Yes	54 (84.4)
	- No	10 (15.6)
	Direction of change
	- Positive	50 (92.6)
	Positive and other	21 (42.0)^a
	- Neutral	3 (5.6)
	- Negative	1 (1.9)

^aPercentage based on a subsample of N = 50 studies where positives results were reported; for the full sample (N = 64) it would be 32.8%