Table 1 Introduction of the six conditions
Learning condition | Learning activities | Rationale of the design |
|---|---|---|
Generative sketching (GS) | Students drew sketches of the carbon cycle while reading the text material. | Representational drawing in an open-book style |
Generative Concept mapping (GC) | Students drew concept maps of the carbon cycle while reading the text material. | Abstract drawing in an open-book style |
Retrieval Sketching (RS) | Students read the text first and then drew sketches of the carbon cycle without access to the text material. | Representational drawing in a closed-book style |
Retrieval Concept mapping (RC) | Students read the text first and then drew concept maps for the carbon cycle without access to the text material. | Abstract drawing in a closed-book style |
Retrieval practice | Students read the text first and then recalled as much of the information as they could by paragraphing. | Control 1 |
Restudy | Students read the text and then restudied it by taking notes | Control 2 |