Effect of retrieval practice and drawing on high school students’ conceptual understanding of the carbon cycle

Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research

Table 4 Mean Score of Students for Different Questions from the Six Conditions on Both Immediate and One-week delayed Tests¹

Condition	Overall test	Factual knowledge questions	Application knowledge questions
Immediate test
Generative Sketching (N = 23)	0.55 (0.10)	0.50 (0.13)	0.66 (0.12)
Generative Concept mapping (N = 23)	0.52 (0.08)	0.49 (0.12)	0.58 (0.18)
Retrieval Sketching (N = 23)	0.54 (0.17)	0.54 (0.17)	0.56 (0.26)
Retrieval Concept mapping (N = 22)	0.56 (0.10)	0.53 (0.09)	0.64 (0.18)
Retrieval Practice (N = 23)	0.59 (0.11)	0.56 (0.08)	0.65 (0.23)
Restudy (N = 22)	0.52 (0.13)	0.49 (0.14)	0.57 (0.23)
One-week delayed test
Generative Sketching (N = 23)	0.51 (0.11)	0.48 (0.13)	0.56 (0.20)
Generative Concept mapping (N = 23)	0.50 (0.10)	0.46 (0.11)	0.57 (0.13)
Retrieval Sketching (N = 23)	0.54 (0.15)	0.53 (0.16)	0.54 (0.27)
Retrieval Concept mapping (N = 22)	0.55 (0.10)	0.52 (0.10)	0.62 (0.19)
Retrieval Practice (N = 23)	0.58 (0.11)	0.57 (0.11)	0.60 (0.20)
Restudy (N = 22)	0.44 (0.16)	0.44 (0.15)	0.45 (0.25)

Note: Standard deviations are reported in parentheses
¹Students’ anonymized raw data could be provided at the request of any interested reader. The authors could also provide a reasonable level of translation help