Table 2 Means associated with TCs’ views of teacher effectiveness

Elementary teachers do not have the skills necessary to incorporate controversial issues in science

1.86

1.91

0.05

Middle grades teachers do not have the skills necessary to incorporate controversial issues in science

1.77

1.8

0.03

High school teachers do not have the skills necessary to incorporate controversial issues in science

1.73

1.75

0.02

Elementary teachers can easily answer questions about controversial issues in science

2.31

2.4

0.09

Middle grades teachers can easily answer questions about controversial issues in science

2.46

2.35

−0.11

High school teachers can easily answer questions about controversial issues in science

2.51

2.44

0.11

Elementary teachers should be trained in how to incorporate controversial issues in science

3.08

3.28

0.2

Middle grades teachers should be trained in how to incorporate controversial issues in science

3.13

3.35

0.22

High school teachers should be trained in how to incorporate controversial issues in science

3.15

3.37

0.22